The theoretical work that would lead to the production of monoclonal antibodies started in the early 1970s, but The New York Times would not mention the term until May 1, 1979, in a roundup of science news. "A new San Diego firm," an article on Page C2 said, "plans to manufacture and sell antibodies produced artificially by tissue-culture techniques."
Antibodies circulate in the body until latching on to foreign cells, called antigens, which they destroy. Monoclonal antibodies are manufactured in the laboratory and then cloned, producing custom-designed and uniform antibodies that can attach to specific disease cells — bacteria, viruses or cancer cells — without injuring healthy tissue.
By the late 1970s, several new biotechnology companies, including Genentech and Hybritech, had already concluded that drugs made with monoclonal antibodies might be used to treat cancer and other diseases. On Jan. 27, 1980, in a front-page article headed "Advances in Gene Splicing Hint Scientific-Industrial Revolution," Harold M. Schmeck Jr., took note of the dizzying speed at which the field was progressing. But he may have been somewhat too optimistic in predicting that "these feats of biological alchemy may be only spectacular curtain raisers for a new scientific-industrial revolution."
On Aug. 18, 1984, Stuart Diamond would report in an article on Page 31 that "a biotechnology research company says it has produced the first commercial levels of human monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of disease."
The Times announced the winners of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine on Page 1 on Oct. 16, 1984. The headline read "3 Immunology Investigators Win the Nobel Prize in Medicine," and on the same day the paper published two other articles on the winners, along with an editorial by Nicholas Wade titled "Triumph of an 'Unworkable' Idea."
Dr. Niels K. Jerne, who laid the theoretical groundwork, and Dr. George J. F. Köhler and Dr. César Milstein, who produced the first monoclonal antibodies, shared the prize. Yet it would be more than a decade before the first monoclonal antibody drug for use in humans would come to market.
On May 1, 1997, The Times reported that Genentech had filed for Food and Drug Administration approval of Rituximab, for the treatment of a specific form of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, a cancer of the lymph system. In clinical trials, the drug appeared to shrink tumors in about half the patients who took it. Rituximab is used today to treat not only non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, but also chronic lymphocytic leukemia, rheumatoid arthritis and other diseases.
While none has proved to be a "magic bullet" for curing any disease, there are now dozens of monoclonal antibody drugs approved for diagnosis or treatment of various diseases, and hundreds more in development.
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